Centrophenoxine

Marcer, D. and Hopkins, S.M. "The differential effects of meclofenoxate on memory loss in the elderly." Age Ageing. 1977;6(2):123-31. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/6.2.123. PMID: 329662.

Population: Fit elderly adults

Dose protocol: Meclofenoxate versus placebo. Memory performance battery and alertness outcomes (dose not fully specified in abstract).

Key findings: Reported improved consolidation of new information into long-term memory and greater alertness. No benefit across all memory domains.

Notes: Effect appears endpoint-specific. Limited sample-era detail.

Fülöp Jr, T. et al. "Effects of centrophenoxine on body composition and some biochemical parameters of demented elderly people as revealed in a double-blind clinical trial." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1990;10(3):239-51. DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(90)90025-2. PMID: 15374499.

Population: Older adults with dementia (n=50, average age 77)

Dose protocol: 2 g/day meclofenoxine for 8 weeks, after 2-week placebo lead-in control period

Key findings: Reported psychometric improvements and intracellular water increase with meclofenoxine treatment.

Notes: Legacy trial. Endpoints include biochemical and cognitive metrics. Full adverse-event detail limited in abstract.

Popa, R. et al. "Antagonic-stress superiority versus meclofenoxate in gerontopsychiatry (alzheimer type dementia)." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1994;19 Suppl 1:197-206. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4943(05)80065-2. PMID: 18649860.

Population: Older adults with SDAT (n=63)

Dose protocol: meclofenoxate versus comparator over 3 months

Key findings: Reported reduced psychogeriatric scores and improved cognitive performance, with comparator superiority over monotherapy.

Notes: Context includes combined regimen comparison. Magnitude relative to placebo unclear from abstract summary.

Nandy, K. J. "Centrophenoxine: effects on aging mammalian brain" (animal preclinical component; same publication as above). PMID: 342588.

Population: Aged female mice

Dose protocol: 3 months meclofenoxate exposure

Key findings: Meclofenoxine-treated mice improved in maze learning and reduced neuronal lipofuscin markers.

Notes: Preclinical support only. Not sufficient for human anti-aging efficacy claims.

Nandy, K. J. "Centrophenoxine: effects on aging mammalian brain" (animal preclinical component; same publication as above). PMID: 342588.

Population: Aged female mice

Dose protocol: repeated dosing for 3 months

Key findings: Reduced lipofuscin-associated changes plus behavioral learning improvement in treated old mice.

Notes: This source confirms preclinical mechanism signal but should not be interpreted as clinical proof.

Cohen, P.A. et al. "The unapproved drug centrophenoxine (meclofenoxate) in cognitive enhancement dietary supplements." Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022;60(10):1156-1158. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2109485. PMID: 35959800.

Population: OTC supplement products sold in US market

Dose protocol: 7-product product assay

Key findings: Centrophenoxine detected in all sampled products, with 79-251 mg per serving and high label-label mismatch.

Notes: Strong product-quality signal for dosing uncertainty. Not a clinical efficacy trial.

Zou, J-J. et al. "Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic comparison of a single 200-mg dose of meclofenoxate hydrochloride capsule and tablet formulations in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers." Clin Ther. 2008;30(9):1651-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.09.013. PMID: 18840370.

Population: Healthy adult male volunteers (n=24)

Dose protocol: Single 200 mg oral dose, crossover capsule vs tablet

Key findings: Bioequivalence of two formulations. No adverse events reported in the single-dose setting.

Notes: Supports formulation-level PK, not clinical efficacy.

Fisman, M. et al. "Double-blind trial of 2-dimethylaminoethanol in Alzheimer's disease." Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138(7):970-972. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.138.7.970. PMID: 7020434.

Population: People with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease

Dose protocol: DMAE trial. Active component relevance for mechanistic/safety context.

Key findings: High withdrawal due to side effects (drowsiness/retardation/confusion/mild BP elevation), with no significant benefit.

Notes: Component-level safety signal only. Not a direct equivalence to meclofenoxine trials.

U.S. Anti-Doping Agency. "What Do Athletes Need to Know About Meclofenoxate?" USADA, Feb 2026 update. URL: https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/athletes-need-know-meclofenoxate/

Population: Athletes/supplement regulation context

Dose protocol: Product classification and supplement-market context

Key findings: Classifies meclofenoxate as prohibited stimulant context. Notes USFDA non-approval for medical indications and likely non-legitimate DS status.

Notes: Policy/regulatory source. Not primary clinical efficacy evidence.